{"id":17473,"date":"2021-09-23T13:22:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-23T13:22:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/?p=17473"},"modified":"2022-02-27T22:05:07","modified_gmt":"2022-02-27T22:05:07","slug":"does-the-northern-ireland-protocol-require-certain-aspects-of-eu-law-to-apply-in-northern-ireland-and-can-this-only-happen-if-they-are-incorporated-into-northern-ireland-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/topics\/economy\/does-the-northern-ireland-protocol-require-certain-aspects-of-eu-law-to-apply-in-northern-ireland-and-can-this-only-happen-if-they-are-incorporated-into-northern-ireland-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Does the Northern Ireland protocol require certain aspects of EU law to apply in Northern Ireland and can this only happen if they are incorporated into Northern Ireland law?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Certain aspects of EU law do still apply in Northern Ireland as a result of the Protocol, but these do not have to be incorporated into Northern Ireland law to have effect. Section 7A of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 makes those EU laws applicable in Northern Ireland. Any future legislative changes that may be necessary to implement the Protocol, or related EU laws, could be made at Westminster if Stormont refused to act. Incorporation into Northern Ireland law is therefore not a requirement. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" src=\"http:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit-1024x538.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21482\" srcset=\"https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit-1024x538.png 1024w, https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit-768x403.png 768w, https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit-150x79.png 150w, https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit-75x39.png 75w, https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit-76x40.png 76w, https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/brexit.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><b>Context<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mydup.com\/news\/sir-jeffrey-donaldson-now-is-the-time-to-act\">In a speech<\/a> delivered in La Mon Hotel on 9 September 2021, the DUP leader, Sir Jeffrey Donaldson, outlined the \u201csignificant and substantial changes\u201d to the <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/840230\/Revised_Protocol_to_the_Withdrawal_Agreement.pdf\">Northern Ireland Protocol<\/a> that could meet <a href=\"https:\/\/mydup.com\/news\/dup-leader-announces-seven-tests-for-hmg-plans-on-ni-protocol\">the seven tests<\/a> set out by the party in July 2021. The fourth change states:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIn order to maintain the adherence of Northern Ireland to EU law as it evolves, there is a requirement for Northern Ireland Departments and the Northern Ireland Assembly to pass regulations to reflect decisions at an EU level\u2026 <\/span><b>The Northern Ireland protocol requires certain aspects of EU law to apply in Northern Ireland but this can only happen if they are incorporated into Northern Ireland law.\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>What is the Northern Ireland Protocol?<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qub.ac.uk\/sites\/post-brexit-governance-ni\/ProtocolMonitor\/TheProtocolEUanddomesticlaw\/TheProtocolonIrelandNorthernIreland\/\">Protocol on Ireland \/ Northern Ireland<\/a> is a legal text that forms part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A12020W\/TXT\">UK-EU Withdrawal Agreement<\/a>. The Protocol was agreed by the UK and EU to address the \u201cunique circumstances\u201d on the island of Ireland in the context of UK withdrawal from the EU. According to Article 1(iii) of the Protocol it sets out arrangements necessary to meet the following shared objectives of the UK and EU:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to avoid a hard [land] border on the island of Ireland;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to maintain necessary conditions for North-South cooperation; and<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to protect the 1998 Belfast \u2018Good Friday\u2019 Agreement in all its parts.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To achieve these aims, the Protocol contains bespoke provisions for post-Brexit Northern Ireland. Under its terms, Northern Ireland remains part of the UK customs territory (Article 4) but is subject to the following:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the EU customs code (Article 5);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EU VAT rules (Article 8);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EU Single Market regulations for goods (Article 5);<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EU state aid rules (Article 10): and&nbsp;<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EU regulations relating to electricity supply and energy markets (Article 9).<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, the Protocol guarantees Irish citizens living in Northern Ireland \u201cno diminution\u201d in their EU citizenship rights (Article 2) and enables Northern Ireland to remain a recipient of dedicated EU PEACE and INTERREG funding (<i>the Preamble<\/i>). Taken together, these provisions ensure that goods can continue to flow freely between Northern Ireland, Ireland and the rest of the EU, thereby avoiding the need for a \u201chard\u201d land border.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the substantive provisions of the Protocol only apply to Northern Ireland, and not the rest of the UK, the Protocol\u2019s implementation in the post-Brexit context creates new barriers to trade in goods between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This is because when goods now enter Northern Ireland they are, in effect, entering the EU\u2019s Single Market and, therefore, additional checks and controls are applied.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>Does the Protocol require certain aspects of EU law to apply in Northern Ireland?<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>Yes. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Protocol requires that those aspects of EU law necessary to avoid a physical hardening of the border on the island of Ireland continue to apply in post-Brexit Northern Ireland. In effect, Northern Ireland remains within the EU\u2019s Single Market for goods despite it having formally left the bloc along with the rest of the UK on 31 January 2020.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of those <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qub.ac.uk\/sites\/post-brexit-governance-ni\/ProtocolMonitor\/TheProtocolEUanddomesticlaw\/ApplicableEULaw\/\">EU laws that continue to apply in Northern Ireland<\/a> are listed in the Annexes of the Protocol. The table below summarises some of the EU law instruments (regulations, directives and decisions) listed in the Protocol Annexes when the text was concluded by UK and EU negotiators in October 2019.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><b>Annex<\/b><\/td><td><b>Area<\/b><\/td><td><b>Regulations, Directives, Decisions*<\/b><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Individual Rights<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trade in Goods<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">287<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VAT and Excise<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Single Electricity Market<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Aid<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&nbsp;<\/td><td><b>Total<\/b><\/td><td><b>338<\/b><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*Not included are the small number of EU treaty articles references in the Protocol, \u2018soft law\u2019 texts (e.g., commission communications) mostly included in Annex 5, and a small number of unspecific provisions noted in the Annexes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under Article 13(iii) of the Protocol, those instruments of EU law that it makes applicable in Northern Ireland are to apply \u201cas amended or replaced\u201d. This puts Northern Ireland in a position of \u2018dynamic alignment\u2019 with a potentially evolving selection of EU laws. Dynamic alignment is the idea that parties to a trade agreement continue to maintain equivalent regulatory standards to each other in future.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By agreeing to the Protocol, the UK government committed to keep Northern Ireland aligned with any changes made to the EU legal instruments listed in the text of the Protocol and its Annexes.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>Does this EU law need to be incorporated into Northern Ireland law for this to happen?<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b>No. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At least, not necessarily. Under the <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2018\/16\/contents\/enacted\">European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018<\/a><\/i> which gave the Withdrawal Agreement domestic effect, the Protocol has legal force in UK law without further enactment.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2018\/16\/section\/7A\">Section 7A<\/a> of the EU (Withdrawal) Act 2018 provides that \u201call such rights, powers, liabilities, obligations and restrictions\u201d created by or arising under the UK-EU Withdrawal Agreement are given legal effect in the UK forthwith. The language of section 7A mirrors that of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1972\/68\/section\/2\/enacted\">section 2<\/a> of the (repealed) <i>European Communities Act 1972<\/i> that previously gave all EU law \u2018direct effect\u2019 in the UK when it was still an EU Member State.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to Article 13(iii), the EU laws that apply under the Protocol are to be read \u201cas amended or replaced\u201d. The section 7A \u2018direct effect\u2019 clause of the EU (Withdrawal) Act 2018 acts as a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.uk\/cases\/docs\/uksc-2016-0196-judgment.pdf\">conduit pipe<\/a>\u201d (as per<i> Miller v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU<\/i> [65]) through which new and revised EU laws included in the scope of the Protocol have legal force in the UK.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there is a complication that follows on from the nature of EU law-making and the UK\u2019s dualist legal system. Although EU laws listed in the Protocol already have domestic legal force under section 7A of the EU (Withdrawal) Act 2018, the content of laws made at EU-level will, very often, need to be implemented via dedicated domestic secondary legislation &#8211; either UK-wide or NI-specific. What this means is that changes to EU laws that apply to Northern Ireland as a consequence of the Protocol (and under section 7A of the 2018 Act) are likely to need to be incorporated into domestic secondary legislation before taking full effect.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This does not, however, mean that \u201cthe adherence of Northern Ireland to EU law as it evolves &#8230;can <\/span><b><i>only<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> happen if they are incorporated into <\/span><b><i>Northern Ireland<\/i><\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">law\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporating changes that arise from the \u2018dynamic alignment\u2019 of Northern Ireland to EU laws listed in the Protocol could happen in either Stormont or at Westminster. Where domestic implementation legislation is required and the policy area is in the competence of the devolved Northern Ireland institutions, then the <i>default<\/i> process will be for legislation to be passed at Stormont. However, if the Northern Ireland Assembly could not, or would not, pass legislation necessary to implement EU law changes arising from the Protocol, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland would, under <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1998\/47\/section\/26\">section 26<\/a> of the <i>Northern Ireland Act 1998<\/i>, be obliged to legislate at Westminster instead.&nbsp;<\/span><br><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is therefore not accurate to say that adherence to those EU laws that are applicable in post-Brexit Northern Ireland as a consequence of the Protocol can \u2018only happen\u2019 if they are incorporated into Northern Ireland law.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em>FactCheckNI is Northern Ireland\u2019s first and only dedicated independent fact-checking service and a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org\/profile\/factcheckni\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">verified signatory<\/a>&nbsp;to the International Fact-Checking Network\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.poynter.org\/ifcn-fact-checkers-code-of-principles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Code of Principles<\/a>. You can learn more about&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">about FactCheckNI<\/a>, our&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/about\/personnel\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">personnel<\/a>, what our article&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/blog\/for-your-consideration-factcheckni-verdict-ratings\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">verdicts<\/a>&nbsp;mean, and how to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/claims\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">submit a claim<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Certain aspects of EU law do still apply in Northern Ireland as a result of the Protocol, but these do not have to be incorporated into Northern Ireland law to have effect. Section 7A of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 makes those EU laws applicable in Northern Ireland. Any future legislative changes that may&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":21482,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,29,32],"tags":[45,267],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Does the Northern Ireland protocol require certain aspects of EU law to apply in Northern Ireland and can this only happen if they are incorporated into Northern Ireland law? - FactCheckNI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/factcheckni.org\/topics\/economy\/does-the-northern-ireland-protocol-require-certain-aspects-of-eu-law-to-apply-in-northern-ireland-and-can-this-only-happen-if-they-are-incorporated-into-northern-ireland-law\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Does the Northern Ireland protocol require certain aspects of EU law to apply in Northern Ireland and can this only happen if they are incorporated into Northern Ireland law? - FactCheckNI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Certain aspects of EU law do still apply in Northern Ireland as a result of the Protocol, but these do not have to be incorporated into Northern Ireland law to have effect. 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